Standard ophthalmic exam

• Illustrations
• Alternative names
• Definition
• How the test is performed
• How to prepare for the test
• How the test will feel

• Why the test is performed
• Normal Values
• What abnormal results mean
• What the risks are
• Special considerations

Alternative names    Return to top

Definition    Return to top

A standard ophthalmic exam is a series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist (eye doctor). An optometric or eye exam may also be performed by an optometrist. The tests measure the refraction (need for glasses)В and visual acuity of the eye and check for disease. (See also Refraction test.)

How the test is performed    Return to top

The eye doctor will start by asking a series of questions about your medical and eye health history, including any noticeable eye problems.

Visual acuity (vision) is determined in each eye using the Snellen Chart. This chart consists of random letters of different sizes. The letters for normal vision (20/20) are 3/8-inch tall, viewed at 20 feet. People with normal vision can read these letters. A refraction test may also be performed (the doctor puts several lenses in front of the eyes to determine if glasses are needed).

Eye movement (see extraocular muscle function ) and peripheral vision (see visual fields ) are tested by moving a light or object through the field of vision. The eye's reaction to light (pupillary response) is also measured.

Color blindness is tested using multicolored dots that form numbers (see color vision test ). Colorblind people are not able to detect certain numbers or may see a different number than people who are not colorblind.

Glaucoma testing (tonometry ) is performed with a puff of air directed at the eye or using a blue circle of light that comes very close to the eye. Evaluation of the cornea (the clear surface of the eye)and the front part of the eye is performed while you are seated at a slit lamp, a device that magnifies the doctor's view.

The retina, fundus (back of the eye), retinal vessels, and optic nerve head (optic disc) are viewed with an ophthalmoscope (a magnifier with a light). This procedure is known as an ophthalmoscopy. Drops that dilate the pupil allow more of the fundus to be viewed.

How to prepare for the test    Return to top

Make an appointment with the eye doctor (some take walk-in patients). Avoid eye strain the day of the test. Arrange transportation, since your pupils will be dilated.

For infants and children:

The preparation you can provide for this test depends on your child's age, previous experience, and level of trust. For general information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics:

• Preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years)
• Schoolage test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years)
• Adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years)

How the test will feel    Return to top

The tests cause no pain or discomfort.

Why the test is performed    Return to top

This test should be performed on a regular basis to detect eye problems early and help determine the cause of noticeable changes in vision. Some professions (such as professional pilots and drivers, and military personnel) require eye tests.

Various eye and medical problems can be found by a routine eye test, including glaucoma, cataracts, high blood pressure, macular degeneration, and diabetes. People with diabetes should have their eyes examined at least once a year.

Normal Values    Return to top

• 20/20 (normal) vision
• Ability to differentiate colors
• No signs of glaucoma
• Normal optic nerve, retinal vessels, and fundus

What abnormal results mean    Return to top

• Glaucoma
• Myopia
• Hyperopia
• Damaged optic nerves, vessels, or fundus
• Astigmatism
• Presbyopia
• Corneal abrasion (or dystrophy)
• Color blindness
• Strabismus (motility disturbance between eyes)
• Eye diseases
• Cataracts
• Trauma
• Corneal ulcers and infections
• Blocked tear duct
• Amblyopia (lazy eye)
• Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
• Diabetic retinopathy

What the risks are    Return to top

If you received drops to dilate your eyes for the ophthalmoscopy, your vision will be blurred and sunlight can damage your eye. Wear dark glasses or shade your eyes to avoid discomfort until the dilation wears off.

Special considerations    Return to top

Many eye diseases, if detected early, are curable or can be treated.